Ukraine Drone Strikes Force Russia to Outsource Oil Refining to Kazakhstan

Ukrainian drone strikes have disabled dozens of Russian refineries, causing fuel shortages and prompting Moscow to halt exports and ration fuel. Russia has now contracted a small private refinery in Kazakhstan to process its crude, a first-of-its-kind outsourcing move that underscores the severity of its refining capacity loss. The arrangement's scale and logistics remain uncertain, and it is unlikely to fully offset Russia's domestic fuel deficit.