Russian refining capacity disputed: 25-28% vs 65-70% knocked out

Two economists publicly disagree on the extent of damage to Russia's refining capacity from Ukrainian strikes, with estimates ranging from 25-28% to 65-70% knocked out. The wide discrepancy reflects uncertainty about the true state of Russia's fuel industry and its ability to sustain domestic supply and exports. This debate matters because it affects assessments of Russia's economic resilience and the effectiveness of Ukraine's targeting strategy.