Poland estimates war-related losses at 490B PLN, ~3.5% of GDP

Poland's Chief Statistical Office estimates losses of over 490 billion zlotys (~3.5% of nominal GDP) attributable to the war in Ukraine. The figure aggregates direct and indirect economic costs since 2022, though methodology and scope remain unspecified. This quantifies the war's fiscal drag on a frontline NATO state, reinforcing pressure on Polish public finances and defense spending.