Expert warns of limited alternative routes for Kazakh oil amid Black Sea and Hormuz disruptions
Energy security analyst Cosmin Păcuraru highlights the vulnerability of Kazakh oil supply chains due to ongoing instability in the Black Sea and the Strait of Hormuz. The disruption of crude flows to the Petromidia refinery underscores the lack of viable alternative transit routes, raising concerns over regional energy security.
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Russia — 12 developments
EU Sanctions Target Russian Oil Exports via Georgia, Crypto Evasion, and Shadow Fleet
The EU has escalated sanctions against Russia, specifically targeting oil exports via Georgian ports, cryptocurrency-based evasion, and Russia's 'shadow fleet'. While the EU has confirmed deferred sanctions on a Georgian refinery processing Russian crude, allegations of widespread circumvention via Georgian ports remain subject to verification. These measures aim to close existing loopholes and tighten economic pressure on Russia.