US-China Cold War Undermines Seabed Authority as Both Bypass ISA

The International Seabed Authority's permit regime is being eroded as the US operates outside it and China leverages internal influence, reflecting broader US-China strategic competition over deep-sea resources. The ISA's authority is increasingly contested, raising uncertainty over seabed mining governance. This matters because it could accelerate unregulated deep-sea extraction and heighten geopolitical friction.

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